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Journalism culture
Journalism culture is described as a "shared occupational ideology among newsworkers".〔Deuze, M. (2005). What is journalism? Professional identity and ideology of journalists reconsidered. Journalism, 6, p. 446.〕 The term journalism culture spans the cultural diversity of journalistic values, practices and media products or similar media artifacts.〔Hanitzsch, T. (2007). Deconstructing journalism culture: Towards a universal theory. Communication Theory'', 17, p. 369.〕 Research into the concept of journalism culture sometimes suggests an all-encompassing consensus among journalists "toward a common understanding and cultural identity of journalism."〔Hanitzsch, T. (2007), p. 368.〕
There is scientific debate about the notion of a shared, world-wide journalism culture, whether such a common construct exists and can be found empirically.〔Hanitzsch, T. (2007), 17, p. 368.〕 Several communication science studies were conducted for finding a hypothetic common Western journalism culture, a common European journalism culture, or even a common global journalism ideology. (cf. historical overview) Research into journalism cultures is especially helpful in analyzing assumed influences of globalization, indicated by world-spanning major media corporations, on individual media cultures and its worldwide standard-setting potency.〔Golan, G. (2006). Inter-Media Agenda Setting and Global News Coverage. Journalism Studies, 7 (2), pp. 323-333. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616700500533643〕 In scientific literature, journalism culture is also called "journalistic culture", "news culture", "newspaper cultures" or "culture of news production".
== Types of cultures ==
A world-wide study on journalism culture conducted by Thomas Hanitzsch et al. between 2007 and 2011 encompassing 21 countries found that journalistic functions like detachment, non-involvement, providing political information and monitoring the government are perceived as essential journalistic virtues ''worldwide''.〔Worlds of Journalism, Pilot Study. http://www.worldsofjournalism.org/pilot.htm〕
The four types of journalism cultures found in the ''Worlds of Journalism'' study through world-wide surveys of over 2100 active journalists regarding the "central areas of () disagreement"〔Hanitzsch, T. (2011a). Populist disseminators, detached watchdogs, critical change agents and opportunist facilitators: Professional milieus, the journalistic field and autonomy in 18 countries. International Communication Gazette, 73(6), p. 481.〕 (journalistic interventionism, distance to ruling powers, and their market orientation) are:
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